Simona Radaelli concludes this article by describing the most important tests to carry out to determine prognosis in these cases.

Cristina Toni and Sebastien Behr discuss Prince – a five-year-old male, castrated Staffordshire bull terrier – in this Case Notes from Vet Times.

Sergio Gomes and Mark Lowrie describe the classifications and manifestations of this condition, as well as current insights, treatment objectives, and conventional and alternative therapies.

Simona Radaelli, in the first of a two-part article, analyses owner information to be collected and first steps when examining animals.

Nicolas Granger and Helene Vandenberghe discuss new insights into this condition and the genetics that cause it.

Steven de Decker discusses two forms of this disorder, including presentation, and therapeutic approaches and their challenges.

Mark Lowrie discusses advances of identifying and managing the various types of this condition.

Sarah Caney describes dementia in older cats and treatment methods, including supplementation and environmental enrichment.

Fabio Stabile describes the definitions, causes, clinical manifestations and three tiers of confidence for diagnosis of this disorder.

Marios Charalambous details research into using intranasal drug administration as a means of controlling this condition in dogs.

Mark Lowrie investigates how diet, in particular gluten, affects a type of paroxysmal dyskinesia specific to border terriers and discusses methods of treatment.

Johnny (Ioannis) Plessas looks at diagnosing some of the most common causes of pain in this part of the canine body and assessing the best form of treatment.